Chapter 1 characteristics of solid waste problems in. Generally, there are four major types of medical waste. If hospital waste is not properly managed and disposed of, it can result in. The management of waste poses to be a major problem in most of the countries, especially hospital waste. Within the next 25 years, the number is estimated to reach 47,064 tons per day. Certain discarded chemical products, as defined in wac 173303081. Hospital waste is equally hazardous and dangerous as in case of industrial waste if not disposed off or managed properly. One in five discharged medicare beneficiaries are rehospitalized within. Liquid and solid waste types can also be grouped into organic, reusable and recyclable waste.
Every effort should be made to make the hospital stay as unthreatening, comfortable, and stressfree as possible. The interior designer plays a major role in this effort to create a therapeutic environment. Hospital waste is a special type of waste which carries high potential of infection and injury. Surgical waste audit of 5 total knee arthroplasties. However, the root causes of solid waste problems are actually related to. Every department in the hospital generates waste and the overall product is waste of different kinds. Hospital, medical, and infectious waste incinerators.
A hospital selfaudit form to copy and use in each department a page of best management practices and information about toxic substance substitution and waste minimization, for each specific department other guidance documents, pertinent to hospital waste management a list of pollution prevention vendors a list of resources. Hospital patients are often fearful and confused and these feelings may impede recovery. Pharmaceutical waste expired outdated drugs chemicals 8. Effective waste disposal can be achieved only by considering the various components of the waste management system and this should be made an integral part of hospital planning and designing. Several options are available for hazardouswaste management. Some solid waste can also be converted to a liquid waste form for disposal. In addition, it includes the waste originating from ominoro or oscatteredo sourcesnsuch as that. It is vital to understand the different types of medical waste and separate them accordingly, in order to protect healthcare workers and other patients, and to dispose of the waste safely and effectively. A district hospital typically is the major health care facility in.
An icrc hospital with 100 beds will produce an average of 1. Mos hospitals generate radioactive waste and even some doctors offices and veterinary offices if. A breakdown of solid waste types and sources is provided in table 8. Biomedical waste hospital waste is any kind of waste containing infectious or potentially infectious materials. Sep 19, 2016 a useful breakdown of the types of incineration currently in operation.
The hospital waste includes solid waste in the form of disposable syringes, bandages, cotton swabs, body fluids, human excreta, anatomical waste, bandages, expired medicines, and other types of chemical and biological waste. The hospital waste management plans are devised to incorporate a standard protocol for effective management of waste disposal. The different sources of wastes can be identified by recognizing the types of wastes. For more information on the rule, visit the regulation page for hospital, medical, and infectious waste incinerators hmiwi. However, the root causes of solid waste problems are actually related to the profligate. Research paper comparative analysis of hospital waste. Risk waste is further subdivided in seven 07 groups. Genotoxic waste waste containing cytotoxic drugsoften used in cancer therapy types and nature of hospital waste depends upon the service available in hospital and nature of the hospital. Nov 09, 2016 whereas most offices will have recycling, shredding, or regular waste paper receptacles, those that deal with medical waste must adhere to strict laws of segregation and handling. Hazardouswaste management hazardouswaste management treatment, storage, and disposal. Some general medical waste can be disposed of in landfill. Jan 31, 2019 separating medical waste streams for safe disposal. Waste and byproducts cover a diverse range of materials, as the following list illustrates. We generate a huge amount of wastes in our day to day life.
Different types of medical waste require different disposal techniques to ensure that any infectious materials cannot contaminate or spread to other areas. Nov 12, 2015 hospital waste management hwm hwm means the supervision of waste produced by hospitals using techniques that will help to check the spread of diseases through it. Average composition of hospital waste in hospitals in kathmandu types of waste percentage medical general waste 62% infectious hazardous waste 23% nondegradable medical waste saline bottle 12% biomedical sharp 3% source. Nonhazardous general wastes comparable to domestic waste. Nonrisk waste is that, which is comparable to normal domestic garbage and presents no greater risk, therefore, than waste from a normal home.
Types of wastes different types and sources of wastes. Jan 28, 2014 average composition of hospital waste in hospitals in kathmandu types of waste percentage medical general waste 62% infectious hazardous waste 23% nondegradable medical waste saline bottle 12% biomedical sharp 3% source. Nevertheless, while reduction and recycling are desirable options, they are not regarded as the final remedy to the. Types of waste generally, waste could be liquid or solid waste. Japans emphasis on incineration as a means of waste treatment led to more incinerated waste than in any other country. Pressurized container gas cylinder,aerosal cans etc 9. An estimate of the quantities of waste produced must be drawn up in each facility see chapter 5. This general waste is generated by almost everybody in the hospital, i. The results of a waste audit allow an institution to identify opportunities for improved waste management practices and to measure the impact of waste reduction strategies. Of the total amount of waste generated by healthcare activities, about 85% is general, nonhazardous waste comparable to domestic waste. Medical waste means any solid waste which is generated in the diagnosis, treatment.
Hospital waste management hwm hwm means the supervision of waste produced by hospitals using techniques that will help to check the spread of diseases through it. As shown in the table, the average amount of clinical in this case, infectious waste amounts to about 0. The waste management project has been designed at green channel to resolve the waste problem in bangladesh. You may need a pdf reader to view some of the files on this page. Hazardouswaste management treatment, storage, and disposal. The list below displays the most common waste categories as identified by the who. What incinerators are best for general waste, medical waste or animal waste. On the other hand, the average amount of general waste was 0.
As for industrial waste, the country tightened regulations and penalties for disposal contractors2. Pdf types of hospital waste and waste generation rate in. Some requires specialist treatment such as a medical incinerator. One in five discharged medicare beneficiaries are rehospitalized within 30 days of hospital discharge. Possible options for the disposal of different waste types are given below. These plans include goals for the virtual elimination of mercury, implementing systems improvements, as well as lessening the creation of solid, medical, and hazardous waste. New source performance standards nsps, emission guidelines, and federal plan requirements.
Hospital waste is the biggest problem to manage in environmental friendly way so there is a myriad of techniques to manage, control and destroy the hospital waste some of which are discussed above. A useful breakdown of the types of incineration currently in operation. Characteristics of healthcare wastes sciencedirect. Types of medical waste the medical waste tracking act of 1988 defines medical waste as any solid waste that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals. It may also include waste associated with the generation of biomedical waste that visually appears to be of medical or laboratory origin e. The broadest definition can include office paper and hospital sweeping waste. The term medical waste can cover a wide variety of different byproducts of the healthcare industry. The data in table 2 indicate the amount of clinical, general and kitchen waste generated in a provincial hospital in viet nam. The bestknown type of hospital is the general hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire and accident victims to a sudden illness. Pdf on jul 4, 2017, muhammad minallah and others published types of hospital waste and waste generation rate in different hospitals of. Hospital or biomedical waste has distinct features apart from all other types of waste because of its infectious and hazardous properties. Waste that is listed, or is a residue from the management of waste listed, on the dangerous. Preface hospital waste can not be seen as a new problem in the south asia.
One of the major areas of todays concern is the west management more specifically hospital waste management which has always been overlooked and thereby has produced many of the health hazards for the people in terms of morbidity and mortality. Currently, the following waste categories are considered to be biohazardous waste. It has equally received very little attention in nigeria in contrast to the management of other types of solid waste as hospital waste management was in a deplorable. A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment. The following types of waste are dangerous waste and are required to be designated unless an exclusion applies. Biohazardous waste is a term used to describe different types of waste that might include infectious agents. Potentially infectious or harmful material generated by healthcare facilities e. The healthcare waste management system world health. Not all medical waste is handled the same, as it is categorized depending on the type of waste. Whereas most offices will have recycling, shredding, or regular waste paper receptacles, those that deal with medical waste must adhere to strict laws of segregation and handling.
The most desirable is to reduce the quantity of waste at its source or to recycle the materials for some other productive use. Chapter 7 solid waste management choose your language. Medical waste is any waste that is generated as a byproduct of healthcare work at doctors surgeries, dentists, hospitals and laboratories. Each of these waste types is examined separately below. Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use or in other words, there is no further use for the product. The remaining 15% is considered hazardous material that may be infectious, chemical or radioactive.